Macules are characteristic of different medical conditions, some serious and others not. They are referred to as primary lesions as they are often the first step toward identifying a disease. Other primary lesions include pustules (a raised pimple or blister filled with pus) and tumors.
Macules can be seen on any part of the body, but are most frequently found on the chest, back, face, and arms. They may be hypopigmented (lighter than the surrounding skin), hyperpigmented (darker than the surrounding skins), or appear pink or red.
Causes
Macules may be a sign of something serious or mean absolutely nothing at all. They are often present from the time of birth and may grow or increase in number as a person gets older. Even birthmarks may be considered a type of macule.
Macules can feature in any number of common and uncommon medical conditions, including:
Vitiligo, the loss of skin color associated with autoimmune disorders Tinea versicolor, dark or light patches of skin caused by a fungus Cutaneous candidiasis, a red, itchy rash caused by the same fungus as oral thrush Rosacea, red patches of skin on the face Rubella (German measles), a common viral infection Tuberous sclerosis, a rare disorder that can cause hypopigmentation Actinic keratosis, a form of precancer Skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma
Skin Cancer and Macules
A macule is not, in and of itself, a sign of skin cancer. While a macule may have an appearance suggestive of cancer, further tests would be needed to confirm or exclude a diagnosis. All told, there are four types of skin cancer or precancer, each with its own characteristics appearance:
Actinic keratosis has dry, scaly patches or spots that are usually found on the head, neck, hands, and forearms. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) lesions appear as either a pinkish patch or a flesh-colored, pearl-like bump, most often on the head, neck, and arm (but also on any other part of the body) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) can appear as a scaly patch, a firm red bump, or a sore that heals and reopens. They are seen more often on the rim of the ears, face, neck, arms, chest, and back. Melanoma can manifest as a dark spot on the skin or with sudden abnormal changes of a mole.
If you find any suspicious-looking blemishes or lesions, consult a dermatologist as soon as possible.
Methods of Diagnosis
To determine the cause of a macule, the dermatologist will start with a physical inspection of the lesion. In some cases, such as with vitiligo or rosacea, the tell-tale appearance is enough to make the diagnosis (although further tests may be performed to identify any underlying causes).
In other cases, the doctor may perform a culture if the cause believed to be fungal or use blood tests to identify a viral or bacterial infection.
If cancer is suspected, the gold standard of diagnosis remains the skin biopsy. The procedure can be performed relatively quickly in the doctor’s office and under local anesthesia. After the skin is numbed, a sample of skin will be removed (either by shaving the skin, using a three-millimeter punch, or excising a sample with a scalpel) and tested in the lab. The biopsy is reversed for cases where cancer is suspected.
Based on the results of any of these procedures—whether it be visual, a lab test, or a biopsy—the doctor will recommend the treatment appropriate to the diagnosis.
A Word From Verywell
The sudden appearance of any skin lesion can be troubling, especially if it is fast-changing or irregular in shape. Even if you’re unsure what it is (or it doesn’t fit the characteristic profile), get it checked it sooner rather than later.
In the end, there’s a good chance that the lesion will either be nothing serious or something that is easily treated. Even if it’s cancer, early diagnosis and treatment afford you the greatest opportunities for success. If caught early, even melanoma can be cured with relatively minor surgery.
Wear sunscreen of SPF 15 or greater. Cover up with clothing and a wide-brimmed hat. Seek shade whenever possible, especially between 10:00 a. m. and 4:00 p. m. Never allow your skin to burn. Avoid tanning beds. Check your body monthly for any suspicious-looking blemishes, moles, or lesions.
