How Nasal Polyps Form
The exact cause of nasal polyps is not known, but they typically develop from long-term inflammation in the nasal passages and sinuses. They occur more commonly in people with certain medical conditions. These include:
Asthma Seasonal allergies (hay fever) Chronic sinus infections Cystic fibrosis Aspirin sensitivity
Signs and Symptoms
It’s possible to have nasal polyps and not even know it. However, these growths can be very large and tend to grow in clusters, which can eventually cause problems. Common signs and symptoms of nasal polyps include:
Congestion Headaches Runny nose Decreased sense of smell Decreased sense of taste Postnasal drip Nosebleeds Snoring Pain or pressure in the sinuses or upper jaw Difficulty breathing through the nose
Diagnosis
Diagnosing nasal polyps begins with a visit to your doctor. Based on your symptoms alone, your doctor might suspect you have polyps.
Polyps can sometimes be seen using an otoscope—a device originally designed for looking in the ears. This tool has a light and magnifier on the end of it, allowing your doctor to look into your nostrils. If your nasal polyps are very low in your nose, you might even be able to see them in the mirror.
The next step in diagnosis of nasal polyps is a procedure called nasal endoscopy. This involves placing a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light at the end of it, called an endoscope, up through your nostrils and into your sinuses.
Endoscopy can often be performed in the doctor’s office after the doctor numbs your nasal passages. Less commonly, other types of imaging are performed, such as a CT (computed tomography) scan or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), to help diagnose nasal polyps.
Complications
Nasal polyps can lead to difficulty breathing if they grow large enough to block your nostril(s). You might notice that you have trouble sleeping, or even develop a condition called obstructive sleep apnea. If you sleep with a partner, they might notice your symptoms before you do.
Symptoms of sleep apnea can include:
SnoringFatigue during the day (even after a full night’s rest)Mood swingsWaking up frequently during the nightDry mouthSore throatSensations of gasping or choking during sleepHeadachesSexual dysfunctionFrequently waking up to urinate at nightNight sweatsDifficulty concentratingStoppage of breath during sleep
Consult your doctor if you have symptoms of sleep apnea. You might need a sleep study, or polysomnogram, to record your breathing patterns during the night to test for this condition.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention if your nasal polyps are making it difficult to breathe or causing symptoms that interfere with your daily life. Treatment for nasal polyps initially aims to shrink the size of the polyps or possibly eliminate them altogether.
Treatment
Corticosteroid nasal sprays are commonly used to treat nasal polyps and are effective for most people with this condition. Sometimes oral corticosteroid medications are also prescribed to help reduce inflammation that is contributing to the development of polyps.
A new class of medications has become available for nasal polyps. These are called biologics. They are often effective, but they are also expensive and require seeing a specialist before they can be prescribed.
If medications aren’t successful, you might need surgery to remove your nasal polyps. This is performed using endoscopy—the same procedure the doctor may use to diagnose your condition. In addition to the endoscope, a tool such as graspers or a microdebrider are inserted through your nostril and used to remove the growths.
Unfortunately, nasal polyps can grow back after they’ve gone away with medication or been removed with surgery. Your doctor might continue to have you use corticosteroid nasal spray to help prevent nasal polyps from growing back.
A Word From Verywell
If you’ve got nasal symptoms that won’t go away or are causing difficulty with your breathing, see your doctor. Even if you’ve got nasal polyps, they might not be the source of your discomfort. More medical interventions might be needed, such as allergy testing, to determine the best course of treatment.
